Let us consider identical bosons in an external potential
. For
all particle stay in the ground state of the Hamiltonian:
At low temperatures, namely when the de Broglie wavelength becomes much
larger than the range of
, only s-wave scattering between pairs of
bosons remains significant, and we can approximate
by a
pseudopotential (1.86).
Generally, the ground state of cannot be determined exactly. In the absence
of interactions however, it is a product state: all the bosons are in the ground state of the single particle
Hamiltonian. In the presence of weak interactions, one still can approximate
the ground state of
by a product state:
Obviously,
is symmetric with the respect to exchange of particles
and has the correct symmetry for a system of bosons. Contrary to the non-interacting
case,
is no longer the ground state of the single particle
Hamiltonian, but has to be determined by minimizing the energy:
![]() |
(1.109) |
Let us calculate the value of (1.107) averaged over the Fock state (1.108). In the coordinate representation the external potential energy becomes:
For the interaction between the particles we obtain:
Thus we obtain the expression of the total Hamiltonian in the first quantization
(see, also, (1.16))
We now look for the minimum of the energy
keeping the normalization fixed
. Because
in general is
a complex number, we can consider the variations
and
as independent. Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, the
approximate ground state
has to satisfy:
Inserting the expression (1.110) in equation (1.111) and
setting to zero the linear term we yield:
![]() |
(1.112) |
Now we use that the properties of the -wave scattering at the discussed conditions
can be described by using the pseudopotential (1.86) and, finally, obtain
This is the Gross-Pitaevskii equation [Gro61,Pit61]. It has a
straightforward interpretation: each boson evolves in the external potential
and in the mean-field potential produced by the other
bosons.
Let us clarify the meaning of the parameter , which was introduced formally as
a Lagrange multiplier. Multiplying GP equation (1.113) by
and by
carrying out an integrating over
we have:
![]() |
(1.114) |
A direct comparison to (1.110) shows that
(number of considered particles
is large) and thus
has a physical meaning of the chemical potential.
An alternative way is to normalize the wave function to the number of particles in
the system
. In this normalization GPE reads as
(
):